Thursday, May 13, 2010
Britt, How did you get involved in conservation work?
I grew up on the southern coast of Maine and started my work in South Africa in 2000 for a small, family owned and operated safari company. As my passion grew, my path in Africa took me from the tourism industry; wildlife capture, relocation, and monitoring assignments; nationally qualifying and registering as a certified Field Guide; working with communities on small business development projects in rural areas; and eventually to working as an international conservation and sustainability consultant for various non-profit foundations and corporations.
But more simply put, my love of wilderness set me on a path of experiences. I've also been so blessed to have wonderful mentors in the conservation field, from my family, Dr. Ian Player, Vance Martin, and others.
Tell us about the Friedkin Conservation fund and the goals.
The Friedkin Conservation Fund (FCF) is a registered (US and Tanzanian) non-profit, non-governmental organization incorporated in 1994 (Certificate of Registration SO.NO.9807). Their role is to assist the Tanzanian Government with the conservation and preservation of more than nine million acres of Tanzania's protected areas. They achieve this through our internationally recognized anti-poaching initiative, their innovative community development program and their field research projects. Based out of Arusha, northern Tanzania, they operate in five Game Reserves, two Open Areas, three Forest Reserves and one Game Controlled Area.
Our mission is to:
Provide proactive assistance to the Government and the people of Tanzania with their efforts to conserve and preserve their Protected Area network
Engage rural communities in the conservation of their natural heritage and empower them to alleviate some of the conditions in their lives that contribute to poverty
Monitor, research and facilitate developments in sustainable utilization of natural resources.
What are the successes of the organization?
Focusing on the anti-poaching arm of FCF...
During 2005 and 2006 our teams were responsible for the arrests of some 3,884 poachers. Their seizures included 209 illegal firearms, 15 elephant tusks and nearly 16,000 planks of illegally logged hardwood. 2007 ended on a very high note. The anti-poaching teams finished the year with a total of 2,131 arrests and 91 confiscated firearms.
FCF was recognized as the APHA's ‘Ox of the Okavango' for 2007 - an award presented to the conservation organization of the year as decided upon by the members and board of the APHA.
FCF's training and work in the field has been filmed and broadcast by ESPN and the Animal Planet Channel.
How many poachers were arrested before FCF came about?
Zero
What is the current poaching situation in Tanzania?
Poaching levels in Tanzania are significant. Bushmeat, hard wood timber and ivory poaching are very predominate. Organized and subsistence poaching affect all nine million acres of FCF concession areas. CITES decision to not downgrade the elephant's status in Tanzania is a key indicator of the level of severity of poaching levels in Tanzania and how seriously everyone needs to continue the anti-poaching initiatives! In the areas which FCF is responsible for, in excess of 2,000 arrests are made per year. How much more can be done with additional resources?
Every year FCF needs to replace tents, sleeping bags, and other supplies used by our staff in the field. Vehicle expenses are always high, considering the rough country FCF patrols and works in on a daily basis. Microlights operational costs take up a large portion of our budget. Thankfully, FCF has just received a major commitment from Safari Club International to help purchase a new mircolight and aid in the maintenance cost for five years! FCF is committed to providing higher salaries to their rangers and continuous additional training that encourages field personnel to perform to a higher standard.
I also want to note, something very rare in the non-profit world, that 100% of donations goes to the projects on the ground. All overhead and salaries are covered separately from a private donor.
Here is an example of the costs associated with one team (15-20 people) of FCF's private rangers for one year.
Expense One Year, One Team
Salaries $7,500.00
Rations $5,925.00
Uniforms $700.00
Game Scouts $2,030.00
Advancement Training $1,500.00
Performance Bonus $1,540.00
Contingency $2,000.00
Vehicle Fuel & Maintenance $22,000.00
TOTAL $43,195.00
I understand that FCF is more then just an Anti-Poaching Crusade, Tell us a little bit about the community development work that is also going on in Tanzania?
For FCF, it is not enough to conserve only wildlife. Conservation must include entire ecosystems and the human communities that live in and around these ecosystems. The Community Development Sector has been established to meet FCF's mission to practice inclusive, people-oriented conservation.
Vision:
For communities in and around our concessions to attain and appreciate benefits through sustainable use of their natural resources.
FCF projects, designed in close collaboration with villages, district officials and the Wildlife Division emphasize the importance of conservation achieved simultaneously with sustainable development. Two field officers, together with anti-poaching team commanders and concession managers, work on the ground with representatives of eleven districts and over one hundred villages. This daily, personal interaction provides groundwork for solidly designed community-owned projects that improve the quality of living around Tanzania's protected areas and highlight the benefits of conservation. I understand FCF has had various equipment sponsors and funding from private sources as well as SCI, Can you tell us a little bit about these sponsors?
Equipment Sponsorship- FCF has been fortunate to receive donations from organizations such as SureFire, ColdSteel, Leopold optics, etc. High quality equipment is very difficult to obtain in Tanzania and these generous donations go a long way in increasing FCF's effectiveness on the ground. It is a good two-way relationship as these companies get to have their products thoroughly tested in the extreme field conditions that anti-poaching operations provide and FCF gets the top quality equipment for their rangers.
Financial Sponsorship- this continues to be an important component for FCF allowing them to go that extra mile on the ground. Most of these sponsorships are targeted at the community development and include student school sponsorships tree nursery initiatives, renewable energy services in clinics, water well construction, etc. These donations come from private individuals as well as from generous organizations such as the Mzuri Wildlife Foundation, Safari Club International and Dallas Safari Club.
FCF is so grateful for the continued assistance from these various sources - it all makes a huge difference! Asante sana - thank you very much! FCF is also eager to collaborate with other organizations on conservation-related issues. Please contact us if you feel our organizations can benefit from each other on such matters!
U.S. Contact Information
Britt Hosmer - FCF US Representative
britt@rockenvironmental.com
POSTED BY KEVIN C PAULSON
Visit the Hunting Life Blog - http://www.huntinglife.com/blog/detail/interview-with-britt-hosmer-friedkin-conservation-fund-us-representative
Thursday, May 13, 2010
Tuesday, May 11, 2010
At the Ranch - Kessler Canyon Newsletter
Recycle Man...Where are you?
As the days get longer and flowers start to bloom here at the ranch, a chance to get things cleaned up presents a wonderful opportunity for us all to re-use and recycle some of the items that have been stored away for the winter.
Up at the Jeep Barns it seems as if we have a surplus of old Car Batteries, Solar Batteries, Tires and Motor Oil.
What to do, what to do, what to do? These things can seri-ously hurt the environment!!
I’m thinking that the only person at the ranch that can
handle such a problem like this is…..
RECYCLE MAN!!!!!
With hands strong enough to crush a used car and vision that can spot a candy wrapper from outer space, Recycle Man as come to our rescue!.
With just a bit of research from his massive computer bank located deep beneath the Grand Mesa, Recycle Man has found some local venders that will help out the ranch.
To better serve our neighbors and townsman that might want to recycle there items as well,
Recycle Man has giving us all this list of places to go in Grand Junction to save the environment.
Recycle Man...Where are you?
Cont. from front page..
Rising up early in the morning Lamar, tiller in tow ,shows up at the Growing Place ready for a long, hot day. Having already re-moved the sod weeks before, the ground was begging for a final till-ing and rows hoed.
Setting out Rodeo style, Lenny and Lamar and Annie worked in the dirt and dust and muck till our hands where blistered and our
necks where sun burnt red. Nothing seems more rewarding than pouring a pile of dirt out of your shoes at the end of a long day.
Life here at The Grow-ing Place is wonderful. All signs are pointing to a great season with lots of fresh vegetables for our guests.
We’ll be looking for weed pullers and porch sitters to help watch the garden grow. If interested...give us call.
Tires:
TDS Tires
410 North Ave
Grand Junction, CO
970-242-3021
Cost you pay for tire drop-off is $3.00 a tire.
Batteries:
Hensley Battery
and Electronics
459 28 1/2 Road
Grand Junction, CO
970-243-6323
Cost is free for drop-off, plus you get a core credit for future battery purchase.
Motor Oil:
Safety-Kleen
368 Bonny St.
Grand Junction, CO
970-241-1343
Depending on how much used oil you have, they will come to your shop and pump it out for free. A small charge might be billed if only a few gallons are pumped or taken.
Row-Row-Row the Garden.
Sunday the 9th was a very big day for all the Mothers in our life, In-cluding….
“Mother Nature”.
For on this Mothers Day we here at Kessler Can-yon have planted the first seeds of the year.
Potato Seeds and Rad-ishes to be exact. Rising up early in the morning Lamar, tiller in tow ,shows up at the Growing Place ready for a long, hot day. Having already re-moved the sod weeks before, the ground was begging for a final till-ing and rows hoed.
Setting out Rodeo style, Lenny and Lamar and Annie worked in the dirt and dust and muck till our hands where blistered and our
necks where sun burnt red. Nothing seems more rewarding than pouring a pile of dirt out of your shoes at the end of a long day.
Life here at The Grow-ing Place is wonderful. All signs are pointing to a great season with lots of fresh vegetables for our guests.
We’ll be looking for weed pullers and porch sitters to help watch the garden grow. If interested...give us call.
…... and BEARS!!! Oh, MY!!!
Around Six O'clock PM on Monday May, 3rd the Cook was heading out to the Pavilion and Smoker to check on things and make sure them there ta-bles where well covered.
Coming ‘round back of the smoker to see how much wood was there he looked across Brush Creek to see the largest Bear he’d EVER seen.
Dark Brown in color this Bear was most likely a Black Bear but the size of it was more towards the Grizzly type.
Gianormous!!!
Perhaps no other animals have so excited the human imagination as bears. References to bears are found in ancient and mod-ern literature, folk songs, legends, my-thology, children stories, and car-toons.
Bears are among the first animals that children learn to recognize. Bear folklore is confus-ing because it is based on carica-tures, with Teddy Bears and the kindly Smoky on one hand and
ferocious magazine cover drawings on the other.
Dominant themes of our folklore are fear of the unknown and man against nature, and bears have tra-ditionally been por-trayed as the vil-lains to support those themes, un-fairly demonizing them to the public.
A problem for black bears is that litera-ture about bears often does not separate black bears from grizzly bears.
Newsletter made with love by: Lenny McNab
As the days get longer and flowers start to bloom here at the ranch, a chance to get things cleaned up presents a wonderful opportunity for us all to re-use and recycle some of the items that have been stored away for the winter.
Up at the Jeep Barns it seems as if we have a surplus of old Car Batteries, Solar Batteries, Tires and Motor Oil.
What to do, what to do, what to do? These things can seri-ously hurt the environment!!
I’m thinking that the only person at the ranch that can
handle such a problem like this is…..
RECYCLE MAN!!!!!
With hands strong enough to crush a used car and vision that can spot a candy wrapper from outer space, Recycle Man as come to our rescue!.
With just a bit of research from his massive computer bank located deep beneath the Grand Mesa, Recycle Man has found some local venders that will help out the ranch.
To better serve our neighbors and townsman that might want to recycle there items as well,
Recycle Man has giving us all this list of places to go in Grand Junction to save the environment.
Recycle Man...Where are you?
Cont. from front page..
Rising up early in the morning Lamar, tiller in tow ,shows up at the Growing Place ready for a long, hot day. Having already re-moved the sod weeks before, the ground was begging for a final till-ing and rows hoed.
Setting out Rodeo style, Lenny and Lamar and Annie worked in the dirt and dust and muck till our hands where blistered and our
necks where sun burnt red. Nothing seems more rewarding than pouring a pile of dirt out of your shoes at the end of a long day.
Life here at The Grow-ing Place is wonderful. All signs are pointing to a great season with lots of fresh vegetables for our guests.
We’ll be looking for weed pullers and porch sitters to help watch the garden grow. If interested...give us call.
Tires:
TDS Tires
410 North Ave
Grand Junction, CO
970-242-3021
Cost you pay for tire drop-off is $3.00 a tire.
Batteries:
Hensley Battery
and Electronics
459 28 1/2 Road
Grand Junction, CO
970-243-6323
Cost is free for drop-off, plus you get a core credit for future battery purchase.
Motor Oil:
Safety-Kleen
368 Bonny St.
Grand Junction, CO
970-241-1343
Depending on how much used oil you have, they will come to your shop and pump it out for free. A small charge might be billed if only a few gallons are pumped or taken.
Row-Row-Row the Garden.
Sunday the 9th was a very big day for all the Mothers in our life, In-cluding….
“Mother Nature”.
For on this Mothers Day we here at Kessler Can-yon have planted the first seeds of the year.
Potato Seeds and Rad-ishes to be exact. Rising up early in the morning Lamar, tiller in tow ,shows up at the Growing Place ready for a long, hot day. Having already re-moved the sod weeks before, the ground was begging for a final till-ing and rows hoed.
Setting out Rodeo style, Lenny and Lamar and Annie worked in the dirt and dust and muck till our hands where blistered and our
necks where sun burnt red. Nothing seems more rewarding than pouring a pile of dirt out of your shoes at the end of a long day.
Life here at The Grow-ing Place is wonderful. All signs are pointing to a great season with lots of fresh vegetables for our guests.
We’ll be looking for weed pullers and porch sitters to help watch the garden grow. If interested...give us call.
…... and BEARS!!! Oh, MY!!!
Around Six O'clock PM on Monday May, 3rd the Cook was heading out to the Pavilion and Smoker to check on things and make sure them there ta-bles where well covered.
Coming ‘round back of the smoker to see how much wood was there he looked across Brush Creek to see the largest Bear he’d EVER seen.
Dark Brown in color this Bear was most likely a Black Bear but the size of it was more towards the Grizzly type.
Gianormous!!!
Perhaps no other animals have so excited the human imagination as bears. References to bears are found in ancient and mod-ern literature, folk songs, legends, my-thology, children stories, and car-toons.
Bears are among the first animals that children learn to recognize. Bear folklore is confus-ing because it is based on carica-tures, with Teddy Bears and the kindly Smoky on one hand and
ferocious magazine cover drawings on the other.
Dominant themes of our folklore are fear of the unknown and man against nature, and bears have tra-ditionally been por-trayed as the vil-lains to support those themes, un-fairly demonizing them to the public.
A problem for black bears is that litera-ture about bears often does not separate black bears from grizzly bears.
Newsletter made with love by: Lenny McNab
Wednesday, May 5, 2010
Rock trip to Colorado
May 3-7, 2010
Great trip to Colorado. Spent the day at the WILD Foundation office in Boulder, CO. Wonderful discussions with Vance Martin and Harvey Locke. Collaborating with them about the what and how Rock can be involved with current and future projects. They are currently developing several projects for their global mission of "Nature Need Half". ...stay tuned for more to come!
For more information of the WILD Foundation please visit their website - www.wild.org
Nature Needs HalfTM
Protecting and interconnecting at least half of the planet’s land and water is necessary to sustain the health, function, and diversity of all life.
New data demands a new global conservation vision.
The escalating global ecological crisis – characterized by loss of natural habitat and ecosystem services, increasing species extinctions, and rapid warming of the planet – has demonstrated that conservation efforts to date have not been sufficient to sustain life on earth. While this has been happening, our ecological knowledge has also increased dramatically, especially concerning how much land and water we must protect to support life on Earth. Many assessments over the last 20 years have typically determined that nature needs at least half of a given eco-region to be protected, and needs to be interconnected with other such areas, in order to maintain its full range of life-supporting, ecological and evolutionary processes, the long term survival of the species that live there, and to ensure the system’s resilience in the face of environmental change. Some ecosystems will require more than half.i
Until now, the conservation community has been cautious in setting such significant, science-based targets for protecting nature. This cautiousness has been due in part to uncertainty regarding how much of an ecosystem must be protected to ensure its viability (on which there is now much clearer science) and in part to the fact that the conservation community has sought to provide estimates that policy makers would find politically acceptable enough to act upon.
The conservation community and policy makers should now fearlessly embrace a global goal of protecting at least half of the planet’s lands and waters, region by region, in interconnected protected areas. We have a duty to speak frankly about the clear implications of the science. Failure to do so would be the ultimate disservice to people and planet alike. There is a compelling need for a new vision for how much of the planet can and should be protected. Simply put, Nature Needs Half, and it is time to say so.
Why now?
The magnitude of the global ecological crisis we face today – and the availability of better and more accurate ecological information -- demands that conservationists provide a clear and accurate global conservation target that will realistically keep our planet viable.
Advancing the idea that Nature Needs Half is particularly timely as 2010 has been declared the International Year of Biodiversity, and because the global conservation community will gather in Nagoya, Japan this fall to set new global conservation targets under the auspices of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. This idea is already affecting IUCN’s deliberations for that process.
What do we mean by protect and how much is already protected?
We use the term “protected areas” as defined by IUCN WCPA’s 2008 guidelines which means areas formally dedicated to the protection of nature.ii Connectivity between protected areas can be provided by a variety of conservation mechanisms that will vary according to local conditions and the needs of particular species. The idea is to ensure that entire systems function properly.
The UN reports that only about 14% of the planet’s terrestrial area is currently protected (though it is also true that many existing protected areas lack sufficient funding to be adequately managed) . But this statistic does not include Antarctica (10% of the planet’s land) which is very wild, nor does it include large areas under indigenous conservation management, and many privately protected areas. As a result, the current percentage of the earth under formal protection is likely significantly higher than 14% though the amount protected is clearly less than is necessary.
The good news is that the amount of the planet protected is not the same as the amount that is still largely intact, which is substantially greater. A 2003 study by Conservation International indicated that 39-44% of the planet remained mostly wild, with very low human population densities. The challenge is to formally protect these areas and to restore others.
How do we achieve the goal?
Reaching an at least half goal is ambitious but achievable. The short term milestone for the progress of this vision is to move urgently to protect at least half of the planet’s remaining large, mostly intact wilderness areas (for example Boreal Forests, the Amazon Basin, and formally protecting Antarctica), while achieving incremental gains by quickly protecting surviving remnants in fragmented areas of very high biological importance – for example in the Biodiversity Hotspots, Key Biodiversity Areas and Alliance for Zero Extinction sites. This rapid action is essential to respond to the global warming and extinction crises. The goal of achieving the target in every region will be more aspirational, requiring long term strategies with restoration efforts, and with many national/regional milestones along the way.
The goal has already been largely achieved in many parts of the world. Boulder County, Colorado, USA, the home of The WILD Foundation, is 67% protected. The Canadian Boreal Framework (signed onto by many varied interests) calls for the protection of at least half of Canada’s Boreal Forest in an interconnected manner, and both Quebec and Ontario have made public commitments towards at least half of their vast northern regions. Over half of British Columbia’s Queen Charlotte Islands (Canada) have been protected through the combined action of governments and the Haida people. Countries such as Bhutan and Venezuela have set ambitious conservation targets; 51% of Bhutan is currently protected and 46% of Venezuela is currently protected. The Dominican Republic, a very small nation with a dense and growing population and one of the lowest per capita incomes in the western hemisphere has 67 protected areas covering 32% of the county’s land.
Nature Needs Half
Nature Needs Half is a vitally necessary target – and also one that is already proving highly inspirational. Region by region, through collaboration, creativity, and inspiring others we can - and urgently need to -- protect at least half of the planet!
i
Schmiegelow, F.K.A, S.G. Cumming, S. Harrison, S. Leroux, K. Lugo, R. Noss and B. Olson, 2006 “Conservation
Beyond Crisis Management: A Conservation Matrix Model” Beacons Discussion Paper No. 1, University of Alberta,
Edmonton (ed—one example of the numerous, existing papers)
ii
Protected areas are specific areas under any effective governance mechanism (government, tribal, community, corporate or individually owned, etc.) which are dedicated to nature protection as the overriding management objective and are protected for the long-term (see IUCN, 2008, Guidelines for Protected Areas)
Great trip to Colorado. Spent the day at the WILD Foundation office in Boulder, CO. Wonderful discussions with Vance Martin and Harvey Locke. Collaborating with them about the what and how Rock can be involved with current and future projects. They are currently developing several projects for their global mission of "Nature Need Half". ...stay tuned for more to come!
For more information of the WILD Foundation please visit their website - www.wild.org
Nature Needs HalfTM
Protecting and interconnecting at least half of the planet’s land and water is necessary to sustain the health, function, and diversity of all life.
New data demands a new global conservation vision.
The escalating global ecological crisis – characterized by loss of natural habitat and ecosystem services, increasing species extinctions, and rapid warming of the planet – has demonstrated that conservation efforts to date have not been sufficient to sustain life on earth. While this has been happening, our ecological knowledge has also increased dramatically, especially concerning how much land and water we must protect to support life on Earth. Many assessments over the last 20 years have typically determined that nature needs at least half of a given eco-region to be protected, and needs to be interconnected with other such areas, in order to maintain its full range of life-supporting, ecological and evolutionary processes, the long term survival of the species that live there, and to ensure the system’s resilience in the face of environmental change. Some ecosystems will require more than half.i
Until now, the conservation community has been cautious in setting such significant, science-based targets for protecting nature. This cautiousness has been due in part to uncertainty regarding how much of an ecosystem must be protected to ensure its viability (on which there is now much clearer science) and in part to the fact that the conservation community has sought to provide estimates that policy makers would find politically acceptable enough to act upon.
The conservation community and policy makers should now fearlessly embrace a global goal of protecting at least half of the planet’s lands and waters, region by region, in interconnected protected areas. We have a duty to speak frankly about the clear implications of the science. Failure to do so would be the ultimate disservice to people and planet alike. There is a compelling need for a new vision for how much of the planet can and should be protected. Simply put, Nature Needs Half, and it is time to say so.
Why now?
The magnitude of the global ecological crisis we face today – and the availability of better and more accurate ecological information -- demands that conservationists provide a clear and accurate global conservation target that will realistically keep our planet viable.
Advancing the idea that Nature Needs Half is particularly timely as 2010 has been declared the International Year of Biodiversity, and because the global conservation community will gather in Nagoya, Japan this fall to set new global conservation targets under the auspices of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. This idea is already affecting IUCN’s deliberations for that process.
What do we mean by protect and how much is already protected?
We use the term “protected areas” as defined by IUCN WCPA’s 2008 guidelines which means areas formally dedicated to the protection of nature.ii Connectivity between protected areas can be provided by a variety of conservation mechanisms that will vary according to local conditions and the needs of particular species. The idea is to ensure that entire systems function properly.
The UN reports that only about 14% of the planet’s terrestrial area is currently protected (though it is also true that many existing protected areas lack sufficient funding to be adequately managed) . But this statistic does not include Antarctica (10% of the planet’s land) which is very wild, nor does it include large areas under indigenous conservation management, and many privately protected areas. As a result, the current percentage of the earth under formal protection is likely significantly higher than 14% though the amount protected is clearly less than is necessary.
The good news is that the amount of the planet protected is not the same as the amount that is still largely intact, which is substantially greater. A 2003 study by Conservation International indicated that 39-44% of the planet remained mostly wild, with very low human population densities. The challenge is to formally protect these areas and to restore others.
How do we achieve the goal?
Reaching an at least half goal is ambitious but achievable. The short term milestone for the progress of this vision is to move urgently to protect at least half of the planet’s remaining large, mostly intact wilderness areas (for example Boreal Forests, the Amazon Basin, and formally protecting Antarctica), while achieving incremental gains by quickly protecting surviving remnants in fragmented areas of very high biological importance – for example in the Biodiversity Hotspots, Key Biodiversity Areas and Alliance for Zero Extinction sites. This rapid action is essential to respond to the global warming and extinction crises. The goal of achieving the target in every region will be more aspirational, requiring long term strategies with restoration efforts, and with many national/regional milestones along the way.
The goal has already been largely achieved in many parts of the world. Boulder County, Colorado, USA, the home of The WILD Foundation, is 67% protected. The Canadian Boreal Framework (signed onto by many varied interests) calls for the protection of at least half of Canada’s Boreal Forest in an interconnected manner, and both Quebec and Ontario have made public commitments towards at least half of their vast northern regions. Over half of British Columbia’s Queen Charlotte Islands (Canada) have been protected through the combined action of governments and the Haida people. Countries such as Bhutan and Venezuela have set ambitious conservation targets; 51% of Bhutan is currently protected and 46% of Venezuela is currently protected. The Dominican Republic, a very small nation with a dense and growing population and one of the lowest per capita incomes in the western hemisphere has 67 protected areas covering 32% of the county’s land.
Nature Needs Half
Nature Needs Half is a vitally necessary target – and also one that is already proving highly inspirational. Region by region, through collaboration, creativity, and inspiring others we can - and urgently need to -- protect at least half of the planet!
i
Schmiegelow, F.K.A, S.G. Cumming, S. Harrison, S. Leroux, K. Lugo, R. Noss and B. Olson, 2006 “Conservation
Beyond Crisis Management: A Conservation Matrix Model” Beacons Discussion Paper No. 1, University of Alberta,
Edmonton (ed—one example of the numerous, existing papers)
ii
Protected areas are specific areas under any effective governance mechanism (government, tribal, community, corporate or individually owned, etc.) which are dedicated to nature protection as the overriding management objective and are protected for the long-term (see IUCN, 2008, Guidelines for Protected Areas)
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